Genomic and non-genomic actions of steroid hormones
Abstract
Steroid hormones are important maintainers of human body homeostasis, have important roles in fetal organ development and maturation, and control male and female reproductive cycles. Human steroids are produced from a common precursor, cholesterol, in specialized endocrine cells such as the testes, ovaries and adrenal glands. Testosterone, estrogen, cortisol and aldosterone are some of the best known steroid hormones. The common mechanism of action of steroids is the genomic one, which occurs through the binding of these hormones to intracellular receptors, which are ligand-dependent transcription factors, affecting cell gene transcription. However, some rapid physiological effects cannot be explained by the traditional action model, since alterations in the gene transcription process take some time to take effect. Thus, we study the non-genomic effects of steroids, which include actions on the cell membrane, where they alter the opening of ion channels and their cardiovascular effects. The paper also addresses the two-step action model of steroid hormones, focusing on reproductive hormones and vitamin D.
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